What Causes Boerhaave’s Syndrome?

Trauma To the Abdomen

In rare cases, Boerhaave's syndrome may be caused by certain types of trauma to the abdomen. A case of Boerhaave's syndrome was reported where an individual experienced an esophageal rupture due to the impact on the body from a high elevation fall. Another example of trauma-induced Boerhaave's syndrome is where a heavy object fell on top of an individual's chest and abdominal cavity. In addition, cases of Boerhaave's syndrome have occurred where an individual was hit with an automobile as a pedestrian. Another common cause of trauma that results in Boerhaave's syndrome are injuries sustained from an explosion or blast. A gunshot wound or sharp object penetration of the upper abdominal area of an individual can cause the esophagus to perforate completely. The exact mechanism of how non-penetrative abdominal trauma causes the patient's esophagus to rupture remains unclear, but it is thought the esophagogastric sphincter remaining closed during impact is a key factor. When this sphincter remains closed, an influx of pressurized air to pushes on the cricopharyngeal sphincter and causes the esophagus to perforate.

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